International Workshop on Translating Natural Legal Language into Formal Representation
(NLL2FR 2025)
associated with JURIX 2025


December 9, 2025

Palazzo del Rettorato, Torino, Italy

New Information

- The NLL2FR2025 proceedings will be available soon.

- The workshop programme is now available. Please see the Programme section for details.

Workshop Venue & Details

Volunteers will be present in each building to assist participants and provide directions.

Registration Desk:

  • Location: Palazzo del Rettorato
  • Date: December 9, 2025

Workshop Venue:

The NLL2FR2025 Workshop will take place during the Afternoon session at:

  • Building: Palazzo del Rettorato
  • Room: Sala Principi d’Acaja (ground floor)

☕ Coffee Breaks:

All coffee breaks on 9 December — including those for the NLL2FR2025 workshop — will take place in the building Cavallerizza Reale (Sala Multifunzione).


🗺️ Map:

A map of all workshop buildings and rooms will be available at the registration desk.
Digital version (PDF) is available here.

Aims and Scope

As legal systems increasingly intersect with digital technologies, the formal representation of legal norms has become essential. Structured knowledge representation provides a rigorous foundation for modeling legal reasoning and supports practical applications such as automated compliance checking, legal advisory tools, and normative reasoning in autonomous systems like self-driving cars and AI-driven legal decision-making. While many rigorous frameworks for legal knowledge representation and reasoning have shown great potential, they often assume that legal knowledge can already be expressed in formal languages. In reality, however, most legal rules and case descriptions are written in natural language, creating a significant gap between natural legal language and formal representations. Recent advances in natural language processing—particularly those driven by large language models—have led to promising applications in AI and Law, including legal information retrieval, summarization, and information extraction. NLL2FR2025 aims to bring together researchers and practitioners interested in bridging this gap between natural legal language and formal representations. Our interest extends beyond the translation of natural language rules into logical formulae to include the formalization of legal cases described in natural language.

Important Dates

Workshop: December 9, 2025

Submission Deadline: 10 November, 2025
Notification: 17 November, 2025 24 November, 2025
Camera-ready due: 24 November, 2025 28 November, 2025

Registration

Please register for the workshop via the registration page of the JURIX 2025 conference.

Topics

Relevant topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Translating natural language rules into logical representations
  • Constructing legal ontologies from natural language documents
  • Extracting legal factors from case texts
  • Extracting and structuring argumentation from natural language sources
  • Reusable outputs, including formalization tools, logic patterns, or shared datasets
  • Verification and validation of formal legal representations in practice
  • Any theories and technologies which is not directly related with the workshop but has a potential to contribute to the workshop

Invited Speakers

Guido Governatori, School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Australia
Title: A Logic-Based Methodology to Encode Legal Norms is a Formal Language

Submissions

We welcome and encourage the submission of high quality, original papers, which are not simultaneously submitted for publication elsewhere. Two types of submissions are invited:

  • Long papers: maximum 14 pages, including references and appendices (if any).
  • Short paper: maximum 7 pages, including references and appendices (if any).

All papers should be written in English and formatted according to the Springer Verlag LNCS style. The formatting guidelines and templates are available at:
https://www.springer.com/gp/computer-science/lncs/conference-proceedings-guidelines
If you prepare your manuscript using Microsoft Word, please ensure that it follows the LNCS formatting instructions. All papers must be submitted in PDF format through the EasyChair submission system: https://easychair.org/conferences/?conf=nll2fr2025

Participation and Presentation Policy

Since this workshop is held in association with JURIX 2025, we will follow the official conference policies:

  • On-site attendance is the default. At least one author of each accepted paper must register and attend on-site to present the work.
  • Remote presentations are permitted only in exceptional cases, such as serious visa issues or financial difficulties. In such cases, the author must contact the workshop organizers for approval.
    Deadline to request online presentation: 28 November 2025
    (Send an email request to: maymyozin@nii.ac.jp)
  • Registration is required for any participation, whether on-site or remote.
  • For approved online presenters:
    • Online presenters must prepare and submit a video presentation in advance (please send the link to: maymyozin@nii.ac.jp).
    • Video submission deadline: 5 December 2025
    • The video will be shown during the session to minimize communication issues.
    • Online presenters must still join in real time for the Q&A portion of their session.

Proceedings

TBA

NLL2FR Programme

December 9, 2025 (Tuesday)
Building: Palazzo del Rettorato
Room: Sala Principi d'Acaja (ground floor)

14:00-14:45 Invited Talk
Guido Governatori, School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Australia
Title: A Logic-Based Methodology to Encode Legal Norms is a Formal Language


Session 1:
14:45-15:00 From LegalRuleML to Defeasible Deontic Logic
Guido Governatori, Monica Palmirani, and Muhammad Asif

15:00-15:15 Catch the Platypus! Negated Conditionals as a Challenge for Machine Translation from Natural Language into Logical Formalisms using Large Language Models
Bianca Steffes and Diogo Sasdelli

15:15-15:30 When Legal Articles Resist Formalisation
Ludi van Leeuwen, Tadeusz Zbiegień, and Cor Steging

15:30-15:40 A Rule-Based Method for the Annotation of Mandarin Medical Litigation Judgments Using Regular Expressions
Sieh-Chuen Huang and Hsuan-Lei Shao

15:40-16:55 Structured Four-Stage Legal Translation: From Natural-Language Traffic Rules to PROLOG
May Myo Zin, Wachara Fungwacharakorn, Ken Satoh, and Katsumi Nitta


16:00-16:30 Coffee break


Session 2:
16:30-16:45 Legal NER: Evaluating the impact of LLM-Generated Annotations on NER Performance for Administrative Decisions
Harry Nan, Samaneh Khoshrou, and Johan Wolswinkel

16:45-16:00 Error Analysis in LLM-based Factor Identification and Discovery
Wachara Fungwacharakorn, May Myo Zin, and Ken Satoh

16:00-17:10 Using LLMs to Model Arguments in U.S. Supreme Court Briefs: Preliminary Report
Heng Zheng, Dexter Williams, and Bertram Ludäscher

17:10-17:20 Legal Texts to Legal Data: LLM-Based Attribute Extraction from Court Verdicts
Ivana Kvapilíková, Jan Černý, Vojtech Pour, Tomas Knap, Klára Bendová, Jaromir Savelka and Jakub Drapal

17:20-17:30 Towards Translating Natural Language Normative Text into a Digital Twin of Administrative Law
Florian Schnitzhofer and Christoph Schuetz

17:30-17:40 Can Legislation Be Made Machine-Readable in PROLEG? An Investigation of GDPR Article 6
May Myo Zin, Sabine Wehnert, Yuntao Kong, Ha Thanh Nguyen, Wachara Fungwacharakorn, Jieying Xue, Michał Araszkiewicz, Randy Goebel, Ken Satoh, and Nguyen Le Minh

17:40-17:50 Using LLMs to Create Legal Ontologies for Traffic Rule Compliance
Galileo Sartor, Thiago Raulino Dal Pont, Enrico Francesconi and Adam Wyner

17:50-18:00 Plans and Diversions
Galileo Sartor, Guido Governatori, Giuseppe Pisano, Antonino Rotolo and Adam Wyner

18:00-18:10 Testing Modelling Fitness of Normative Specification Languages for LLMs
Giovanni Sileno and Andrea Marino

Workshop Oganizers

Ken Satoh, Center for Juris-Informatics, ROIS-DS, Japan
Georg Borges, Saarland University, Germany
Hannes Westermann, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
May Myo Zin, Center for Juris-Informatics, ROIS-DS, Japan

Program Committee Members

Akira Shimazu, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan
Adrian Paschke, Frie Universität Berlin, Germany
Michał Araszkiewicz, Jagiellonian University, Poland
Anelia Kurteva, Univerity of Birmingham, UK
Satoshi Tojo, Asia University, Japan
Guido Governatori, Central Queensland University, Australia
Makoto Nakamura, Niigata Institute of Technology, Japan
Katsumi Nitta, Center for Juris-Informatics, ROIS-DS, Japan
Adam Wyner, Univesity of Swansea, UK
Nguyen Le Minh, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan
Teeradaj Racharak, Tohoku University, Japan
Davide Liga, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
Tran Vu Duc, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan
Wachara Funwacharakorn, Center for Juris-Informatics, ROIS-DS, Japan
María Navas Loro, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
Yuntao Kong, Center for Juris-Informatics, ROIS-DS, Japan
Ha-Thanh Nguyen, Research and Development Center for LLMs, NII, Japan
Minh Phuong Nguyen, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan
Livio Robaldo, Swansea University, UK
Sabine Wehnert, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
Aye Aye Mar, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan
Xue Jieying, Center for Juris-Informatics, ROIS-DS, Japan
Su Myat Noe, Research and Development Center for LLMs, NII, Japan
Diogo Sasdelli, University for Continuing Education Krems, Austria

For any inquiry concerning the workshop, please send it to "maymyozin@nii.ac.jp"

LLN2FR home page https://jurisinformaticscenter.github.io/NLL2FR2025/

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